WML (Wireless Markup Language) : An Introduction

The <p> Tag

Just like in HTML the <p> tag is used to show where a paragraph begins and ends. Unlike HTML though, all text on a WML page must be inside these tags. You are not allowed to nest these tags either. One important thing to remember about WML is that, unlike HTML where a page will still display even if there is bad code, a WAP phone will just reject a page if there is code it doesn't understand.

As with HTML you use the tags as follows:

<p>
information
</p>

Aligning Text

Aligning text in WML is nearly exactly the same as in HTML, except you can't use the center tag. All aligning must be done using the following <p> tags:

Center:
<p align="center">

Right:
<p align="right">

The <br/> Tag

In WML (as mentioned earlier) all tags must be closed. This causes problems when using old HTML tags (like <br>) which have no closing tag. To get around this, some tags have had a / put on the end e.g.

<br/>

This, like in HTML will make a line break.

Text

In WML there is actually no font tag (as you can only display text in the phone's default font in black). To show text all you need to do is put it in between the <p> and </p> tags. Here is an example of a full WML document:

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card id="index" title="My WAP Site" newcontext="true">
<p align="center">
Welcome to my new WAP site. You can view this on your mobile phone anywhere in the world!<br/>
It is amazing!
</p>
</card>
</wml>

Hyperlinks + Images

Now I will show you how you can make this better by adding extra parts, linking to them (and other sites) and how to add images to your site.

More Cards

WAP sites have cards instead of pages. They are really the same as pages except that they can all be written in one file. To add another card, all you need to do is put in another <card> tag with a different ID to the others. For example:

<card title="About Me" id="about">
information
</card>

would be added below the first card but before the </wml> tag.

Linking

There are three ways to link to another WAP site, file or card. Just like in HTML these can either be the full path to a file or a relative link.

To link to a WAP site you use the following:

<a href="http://gowansnet.waphosts.net/">Gowansnet</a>

in your text. To link to another file on your site you would use:

<a href="links.wml">My Links</a>

and to link to another card in the same page you use:

<a href="#about">About Me</a>

Images

Unfortunately, because WAP phones only have monochrome screens, images do not work very well on WML pages. They also use their own image format: WBMP. When you are creating an image to use on your site you will need to make it small (mobile phone screens are about 100x50 pixels).

The easiest way to get an image into the WBMP format is to create it as a GIF or JPG (it can be in colour if you want) and then visit this site to convert it into a monochrome (black and white) WBMP image which you can then include on your site.

Images in WML are inserted using the <img> tag, just like in HTML:

<img src="logo.wbmp" alt="Logo" />

Again, you can see that a / has been added at the end as the <img> tag has no closing tag. It is very important that you also include the alt text as it will be displayed while the image is being downloaded.

Example Site

Below is the sample WML code for a small WAP site. It has two cards, an image, and a link to an external site:

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card id="index" title="My WAP Site" newcontext="true">
<p align="center">
Welcome to my new WAP site. You can view this on your mobile phone anywhere in the world!<br/>
<img src="logo.wbmp" src="Logo" />
</p>
<p>
Here are some links:<br/>
<a href="#about">About Me</a><br/>
<a href="http://gowansnet.waphosts.net/">Gowansnet</a>
</p>
</card>
<card id="about" title="About Me">
<p>Here is some informatio about me. You can't write too much in here, though as there is not much space<br/>
You can scroll down the screen, of course.
</p>
<p align="center">
<a href="#index">Back</a>
</p>
</card>
</wml>

What Next?

If you would like to learn more about WML and the WAP standards you can visit the WAP Forum at www.wapforum.com